Histology is the gold standard for diagnosing acute rejection and hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. However, differential diagnosis between the two can be difficult. We evaluated the role of C4d staining and quantification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels in liver tissue. This was a retrospective study of 98 liver biopsy samples divided into four groups by histological diagnosis: acute rejection in patients undergoing liver transplant for hepatitis C (RejHCV+), HCV recurrence in patients undergoing liver transplant for hepatitis C (HCVTx+), acute rejection in patients undergoing liver transplant for reasons other than hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis C not transplanted (HCVTx-). All samples were submitted for immunohistochemical staining for C4d and HCV RNA quantification. Immunoexpression of C4d was observed in the portal vessels and was highest in the HCVTx- group. There was no difference in C4d expression between the RejHCV+ and HCVTx+ groups. However, tissue HCV RNA levels were higher in the HCVTx+ group samples than in the RejHCV+ group samples. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between tissue and serum levels of HCV RNA. The quantification of HCV RNA in liver tissue might prove to be an efficient diagnostic test for the recurrence of HCV infection.

INTRODUCTION: There is general consensus that hepatitis C virus is efficiently transmitted by the parenteral route, whereas data on viral transmission by sexual or non-sexual intrafamilial contact are conflicting. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: The aim of this study was to investigate the transmission of hepatitis C virus in nine heterosexual couples. RESULT: The mean age of the couples was 43.7 years. When interviewed, all of the women denied the presence of risk factors for acquisition of the infection, whereas the cause of infection in the nine husbands could be attributed to blood transfusions in two of them (22.2%), use of intravenous and inhaled drugs in six (66.7%), acupuncture in one (11.1%), and tattooing in one (11.1%). All men and none of the women reported sexual relations with sex professionals. The mean homology score (Non Structural 5b-hepatitis C virus) was 98.4%. Among the nine couples with matching subtypes, one (11.1%) was infected with subtype 1a, three (33.3%) with subtype 1b, and five (55.5%) with subtype 3a. Shared personal hygiene items showed a much higher correlation with the possible route of transmission and were better supported by the sequence homology data than the other associated risk factors. Three (33.3%) couples shared toothbrushes, seven (77.8%) shared razor blades, eight (88.8%) shared nail clippers, and six (66.7%) shared manicure cutters. CONCLUSION: Sharing of personal hygiene items was a confounding factor in the discussion of sexual hepatitis C virus transmission and the hypothesis of male-to-female transmission was supported in this study

INTRODUCÃO: A hepatite C é uma das principais causas de doença hepática em todo mundo. Apresenta um curso evolutivo dinâmico e influenciável por diversos co-fatores. Dentre eles, a infecção pregressa pelo vírus B (anti-HBcAg [+] e HBsAg [-]) tem se associado a pior prognóstico histológico e terapêutico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a infecção pregressa pelo vírus B e fibrose hepática em portadores de hepatite C crônica, de maneira independente. MÉTODOS: Foram revistos retrospectivamente prontuários médicos de pacientes infectados cronicamente pelo vírus C, atendidos consecutivamente durante um ano no ambulatório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias - HC FMUSP, quanto aos dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, laboratoriais e histológicos. A análise de independência do impacto da infecção pregressa pelo vírus B foi realizada através de modelo estatístico de regressão logística multivariado, considerando a detecção do anti-HBcAg como variável de exposição, sendo o desfecho a alteração estrutural histopatológica graus 3 e 4 (septos com formação de nódulos e cirrose).0 RESULTADOS: 145 indivíduos foram avaliados pelo estudo, 47.2% com anti-HBcAg (+). O fator de risco mais comumente relatado foi transfusão de sangue e hemoderivados (35,9%). Embora necrose em saca-bocado tenha sido encontrada com maior frequência no grupo de infecção pregressa, a sorologia anti-HBcAg (+) não se associou à fibrose hepática avançada. CONCLUSÕES: A infecção pregressa pelo vírus B não parece acentuar a lesão estrutural desencadeada pela hepatite C crônica, após controle estatístico para outros co-fatores sabidamente capazes de influenciar a história natural desta infecção.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Its evolutionary course is dynamics and may be influenced by several cofactors. Among them, previous hepatitis B virus infection (anti-HBcAg [+] and HBsAg [-]) has been associated with worse histological and therapeutic prognosis. This study had the objective of independently assessing the relationship between previous hepatitis B infection and liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: The medical records of patients chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus who had been seen consecutively during a one-year period at the infectious and parasitic diseases outpatient clinic of HC FMUSP were retrospectively reviewed in relation to epidemiological, clinical and histological data. Analysis on the independence of the previous hepatitis B infection was performed using the statistical model of multivariate logistic regression. Detection of anti-HBcAg was taken to be the independent variable. The outcome was taken to be grade 3 and 4 histopathological abnormality (septa with nodule formation and cirrhosis). RESULTS: 145 subjects were evaluated in this study. 47.2% of them were anti-HBcAg (+). The main risk factor for infection was blood and blood derivative transfusion (35.9%). Findings of anti-HBcAg (+) were not related to advanced liver fibrosis, although piecemeal necrosis has been found frequently in patients with this serological marker. CONCLUSIONS: Previous hepatitis B infection does not seem to increase the structural liver damage triggered by chronic hepatitis C virus infection, after statistical control for other co-factors capable to impact the natural history of this infection.